导游人员管理暂行规定(附英文)
国家旅游局
导游人员管理暂行规定(附英文)
（1987年11月14日国务院批准）（1987年12月1日国家旅游局发布）
第一条 为了加强对全国导游人员的统一管理，提高导游服务质量，保护旅行者和导游人员的合法权益，促进旅游事业的健康发展，制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称导游人员，是指为旅行者（包括旅行团，下同）组织安排旅行和游览事项，提供向导、讲解和旅途服务的人员。
根据旅行者的不同要求，导游人员分别使用外国语、汉语普通话或者方言、少数民族语言进行导游。
第三条 导游人员分为全程陪同、地方陪同和定点陪同。
全程陪同导游人员，是指受旅行社（包括旅游公司，下同）委派或者聘用，为跨省、自治区、直辖市范围旅游的旅行者，提供全部旅程导游服务的人员。
地方陪同导游人员，是指受旅行社委派或者聘用，在省、自治区、直辖市范围内为旅行者提供导游服务的人员。
定点陪同导游人员，是指受旅行社委派或者聘用，在一个参观、游览点内为旅行者提供导游服务的人员。
第四条 导游人员的正当权益受国家法律保护，任何单位和个人不得非法干涉其执行工作任务。
第五条 导游人员的主要职责是：
（一）接受旅行社分配的导游任务，按照接待计划，安排和组织旅行者参观、游览；
（二）负责向旅行者导游、讲解，传播中国文化，
（三）配合和督促有关部门安排旅行者的交通、食宿，保护旅行者的人身和财物安全等事项；
（四）反映旅行者的意见和要求，协助安排会见、座谈等活动；
（五）解答旅行者的问讯，协助处理旅途中遇到的问题。
第六条 导游人员应当具备下列条件：
（一）必须是中华人民共和国公民，热爱祖国，拥护社会主义制度，遵纪守法，遵守旅游职业道德，热心为旅行者服务；
（二）具有高中以上文化水平，有胜任导游工作的语言表达能力；
（三）熟悉旅游业务，有组织接待能力；
（四）身体健康，能适应工作的需要。
第七条 具备前条所列条件者，经考试合格，办理登记注册手续，方可担任导游工作。
第八条 分配到旅行社工作的高等院校毕业生，具备本规定第六条所列条件者，可以担任实习导游人员，实习期满一年，经考试合格，可以转为正式导游人员。
第九条 根据工作需要，旅行社可以在社会上招聘业余导游人员。具备本规定第六条所列条件者，持有关证明，经考试合格，方可担任业余导游工作。
第十条 导游人员的考试工作，由国家旅游局批准组成的全国考试委员会统一领导和部署，各省、自治区、直辖市旅游行政管理部门批准组成的考试委员会具体组织实施。
第十一条 经考试合格者，由国家旅游局或者各省、自治区、直辖市旅游行政管理部门分别办理登记注册手续，并发给导游证书。
第十二条 旅行社对导游人员日常管理的主要职责是：
（一）进行政治思想、职业道德、法制、纪律教育；
（二）组织导游业务培训；
（三）负责内部考核和奖惩工作；
（四）处理旅行者对导游人员的意见。
第十三条 旅游行政管理部门可以派人检查导游工作，被检查的导游人员不得无理拒绝。
检查人员执行任务时，应当出示旅游行政管理部门的检查证件。
第十四条 导游人员在执行任务时，应当佩戴导游证，并携带导游证书。
第十五条 导游人员认真执行本规定，在工作中服务质量优异，作出重大成绩的，由旅游行政管理部门或者旅行社给予奖励。
第十六条 导游人员有下列行为之一的，由旅游行政管理部门予以处罚：
（一）不履行本规定第五条规定的各项职责造成严重后果的，根据情节轻重给予行政处分，并可以扣留导游证和导游证书；
（二）违反本规定第十三条规定，无理拒绝检查的，扣留导游证和导游证书；
（三）有上述两项行为，情节恶劣的，经省、自治区、直辖市旅游行政管理部门批准，收回其导游证和导游证书，吊销导游注册。
第十七条 对非法干涉导游人员执行任务，造成后果的，由旅游行政管理部门会同有关部门进行处理。有关部门应当配合支持。
第十八条 未按本规定参加考试、办理登记注册手续者，不得担任导游工作。擅自进行导游活动，收取导游费的，由旅游行政管理部门没收全部非法所得，并可处以非法所得三倍以下的罚款。
第十九条 受处罚者对旅游行政管理部门的处罚决定不服的，可以在收到处罚通知之日起十五日内，向上一级旅游行政管理部门提出申诉；上一级旅游行政管理部门应当在收到申诉之日起十五日内予以答复。
第二十条 本规定由国家旅游局负责解释，施行细则由国家旅游局制定。
第二十一条 本规定自1988年3月1日起施行。
INTERIM PROVISIONS ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF AFFAIRS CONCERNINGTOURIST GUIDES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM PROVISIONS ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF AFFAIRS CONCERNING
TOURIST GUIDES
(Approved by the State Council on November 14, 1987 and promul-
gated by the National Tourism Administration on December 1, 1987)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in order to strengthen the unified
administration of affairs concerning tourist guides throughout the
country, to improve the quality standard of tourist services, to protect
the lawful rights and interests of tourist guides, and to promote the
sound development of the tourist industry.
Article 2
The term "tourist guides", as used in these Provisions, refers to those
working personnel who make arrangements for tours and sightseeing for
tourists (including tourist groups, the same below), serve as tourist
guides and interpreters, and provide other services for tourists during
their sightseeing trips.
Tourist guides shall, at the request of tourists, use foreign languages,
the Chinese putonghua or various Chinese dialects, and languages of
minority nationalities, respectively in their tourist work.
Article 3
Tourist guides are divided into three categories: full-itinerary guides,
local guides, and spot guides.
"Full-itinerary guides" refer to those personnel who are appointed or
engaged by tourist agencies (including tourist companies, the same below)
to provide full-itinerary services for those tourists who make a trans-
regional tour beyond the confines of provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government. "Local guides"
refer to those personnel who are appointed or engaged by tourist agencies
to provide tourist services for those tourists who make a tour within the
confines of a province, an autonomous region, or a municipality directly
under the Central Government. "Spot guides" refer to those personnel who
are appointed or engaged by tourist agencies to provide tourist services
for those tourists who make a tour within the confines of a certain scenic
spot.
Article 4
The legitimate rights and interests of tourist guides shall be protected
by Laws of the State, no institutions or individuals shall be permitted to
interfere illegally with the tourist guides in execution of their tasks.
Article 5
The duties of tourist guides shall be as follows:
(1) to accept the tourist tasks assigned by their tourist agency, and make
arrangements, in accordance with the reception plan, for taking tourists
on a sightseeing tour;
(2) to accompany tourists on a sightseeing tour, explain to them and
disseminate among them the Chinese culture;
(3) to work in coordination with the departments concerned and urge them
to make arrangements for the tourists' transportation, meals, and
accommodation, and to protect the safety of the tourists and their
properties and belongings;
(4) to make the tourists' requests and complaints known to whom it may
concern and provide assistance in making arrangements for such activities
as interviews, informal discussions, etc.;
(5) to answer the questions and inquiries raised by tourists, and assist
in solving problems that crop up during the sightseeing tour.
Article 6
Tourist guides shall meet the following qualifications:
(1) they must be citizens of the People's Republic of China, have a deep
love for their motherland, uphold the socialist system, observe
disciplines and abide by the laws, comply with the professional ethics of
tourism, and serve tourists wholeheartedly;
(2) they must have a schooling above the senior middle school level and
the command of language and power of expression needed for a qualified
tourist guide;
(3) they must be familiar with the tourist business, and possess the
ability of organization in reception work;
(4) they must be in good health, and adaptable to the needs of work.
Article 7
Those meeting the qualifications mentioned in the preceding Article shall
take and pass a qualification examination and go through the registration
formalities before they are permitted to take up the job of a tourist
guide.
Article 8
Graduates of institutions of higher learning who have been assigned to
work in a tourist agency and who have met the qualifications specified in
Article 6 may serve as probationary tourist guides for one year before
they become regular tourist guides after passing the qualification
examination.
Article 9
A tourist agency may, in light of needs of work, advertise for the
engagement of amateur tourist guides from society. Those who have met the
qualifications listed in Article 6 of these Provisions shall present the
relevant certifications, pass the qualification examination before they
are permitted to take up the job of an amateur tourist guide.
Article 10
The qualification examination for tourist guides shall be organized and
administered by the examination committee, which is established with the
approval of the tourism administration department of the province,
autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government,
and be placed under the unified leadership and arrangement by the national
examination committee established with the approval from the National
Tourism Administration.
Article 11
Those who have passed the qualification examination shall go through the
procedures for registration with the National Tourism Administration or
with the tourism administration departments of various provinces,
autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central
Government, and obtain the certificate for tourist guides.
Article 12
The chief duties of a tourist agency in its routine administrative work
relating to tourist guides shall be as follows:
(1) to carry on education in political ideology, professional ethics, the
legal system, and discipline;
(2) to conduct training in tourist business operations;
(3) to be responsible for assessment, reward and punishment work inside
the tourist agency;
(4) to deal with tourists' complaints concerning tourist guides.
Article 13
The tourism administration department may send personnel to inspect the
work of tourist guides. The tourist guides concerned may not refuse such
inspection without justification. Inspectors shall, while executing their
inspection tasks, produce the certification for the inspection issued by
the tourism administration departments.
Article 14
Tourist guides shall, while executing their tasks, wear the badge for
tourist guides, and carry along with them the certificate for tourist
guides.
Article 15
Tourist guides who have carried out these Provisions conscientiously, have
made great achievements in their work, and have distinguished themselves
by offering tourists excellent service, shall be rewarded by the tourism
administration department or by their tourist agency.
Article 16
Tourist guides, who have committed one of the following acts, shall be
punished by the tourism administration department:
(1) those who fail to carry out the various duties stipulated in Article 5
of these Provisions, and cause grave consequences shall, depending on the
seriousness of the cases, be given disciplinary sanctions, and may have
their tourist guides' badges and certificates withheld;
(2) those who unjustifiably refuse to submit themselves to inspection in
contravention of the stipulations in Article 13 of these Provisions shall
have their badges and certificates withheld;
(3) those who have committed the acts mentioned in the preceding two
paragraphs, if the case is extremely abominable, shall, with the approval
from the tourism administration department of the province, autonomous
region, or municipality directly under the Central Government, have their
badges and certificates revoked and their registration as tourist guides
cancelled.
Article 17
Those who have illegally interfered in the work of tourist guides and
caused consequences shall be dealt with by the tourism administration
department in coordination with other departments concerned. The
departments concerned shall give their support.
Article 18
Those, who have not taken the prescribed qualification examination and
gone through the registration procedures in accordance with these
Provisions, shall not be permitted to take up the job of a tourist guide.
With respect to those who, without permission, have conducted activities
of tourist guides and received tourist fees, the tourism administration
department shall confiscate the violators' illegal gains, and may also
impose a fine equal to three times as much, or less, as the amount of
illegal gains.
Article 19
If a violator refuses to accept the decision of penalty by the tourism
administration department, he/she may, within 15 days after receiving the
notification of punishment, lodge an appeal to the tourism administration
department at a higher level; the tourism administration department at a
higher level shall give reply within 15 days after receiving the appeal.
Article 20
The right to interpret these Provisions shall reside in the National
Tourism Administration, and the rules for the implementation of these
Provisions shall be formulated by the National Tourism Administration.
Article 21
These Provisions shall go into effect on March 1, 1988.
试述买卖合同的当事人及标的物
韩召峰
（一）买卖合同的当事人
买卖合同的当事人包括出卖人和买受人
对于买受人，依据合同法的规定，须具备相应的民事行为能力，除此以外，并无特别的特别要求。但实际上，依据民法的基本原则、其他法律的规定以及特定买卖合同的性质，某些具有特别身份的人不得成为特定买卖合同的中买受人。如监护人负有保护被监护人、维护被监护人合法利益的责任。如果监护人购买被监护人的财产，就很难确保被监护人的利益。因此，监护人不得成为被监护的财产的买受人。再如受托人一般不得自行购买委托人委托其了售的财产；拍卖公司及其职员不得购买委托拍卖的财产《拍卖法》第22条；公务人员、其配偶及其近亲属不得购买由该公务人员依职权出售、变卖的财产；公司的董事、高级管理人员不得违反公司章程的规定或者未经股东会、股东大会同意，与不公司订立合同或者进行交易《公司法》第149条第1款，成为特定买卖合同所买卖人。此外，军队、武装警察部队、司法行政执法机关也不得成为商事经营活动中所订立的买卖合同的买受人。
对于出卖人，除须具备相应的民事行为能力之外，根据《合同法》第132条第1款的规定，应当是买卖凳 标的物的所有权人或其他有处分权人。该项规定属于倡导性规定，这表明，出卖人的资格发符合法律的特别限定。其中所谓所有权人，依据《民法通则》第71条的规定，是指依法对自己的财产享有占有、使用、收益和处分权利的人；所谓有好梦难圆人是指经过所有权人授权或基于法律的规定，可以对他人的财产为出卖行为的人。有处分权人在甸现行立法上主要包括：
1.抵押权人和质押权人。抵押权人和质押权人作为担保物权人，在债务人不能依约履行债务时，有权依照抵押合同或者质押合同的约定将抵押人的财产变卖或拍卖，并从变卖、拍卖的价款中优先受偿。
2.留置权人。留置权属提保物权的一种，留置权人在法律规定的条件满足时，有权留置其依照合同约定所步占有的全力人的动产，并可依法将该财产变卖、拍卖，然后从变卖、拍卖的价中优先受偿。
3.法定优先权人。依据《合同法》第286条的规定，建设工程俣同承包人可以依照法律的规定，享有法定优先权。在发饣人未依照约定支付价款，且经催告仍不支付时，得申请人民法院将建设工程依法拍卖，然后从拍卖的介款中优先受偿。
4.行纪人。行纪人是授受委托人的委托，以自己的名义为委托人进行贸易活动的人。行纪人在所有权人的授权之下，可以遵从所有权人的指示进行处分行为。
5.经营权人。国有企业对国家授予的财产所享有的经营权，也包括占有、使用、收益和处分权能，故虽非所有权人，仍有权以出场的方式处分财产。
6.人民法院。依据我国《民事诉讼法》第226条的规定，人民法院对逾期拒不履行法律广收确定底图人的被执行人的财产，有权进行查封、扣押，并交有关单位拍卖或者变卖，以人民法院的名义强制被执行人履行义务，实现债权人的债权。
（二）买卖合同的标的物
对于买卖合同标的物的范围，各个国家和地区的规定不尽一致，英美法系国家的商事买卖法上的一般将其限定为货物的买卖，也即实物买卖。日本民法和我国台湾地区的“民法”上，买卖合同标的物既包括实物，又包括其他的财产权利《日本民法典》第555条、我国台湾地区“民法”第345条。我国合同法上，买卖合同的标的物，依据《合同法》第130条规定，应认定为实物。财产权利的转让，规定在诸如供用电、水、气、势力合同、技术转让合同、土地使用权出让、转让合同等其他的合同类型中。
北安市人民法院 韩召峰
